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Philip Milton Roth (born March 19, 1933) is an American novelist. He first gained attention with the 1959 novella ''Goodbye, Columbus'', an irreverent and humorous portrait of American Jewish life for which he received the U.S. National Book Award for Fiction.〔〔Brauner (2005), pp. 43–7〕 Roth's fiction, regularly set in Newark, New Jersey, is known for its intensely autobiographical character, for philosophically and formally blurring the distinction between reality and fiction, for its "supple, ingenious style" and for its provocative explorations of Jewish and American identity.〔U.S. Department of State, U.S. Life, ("American Prose, 1945–1990: Realism and Experimentation" ) 〕 His profile rose significantly in 1969 after the publication of the controversial ''Portnoy's Complaint'', the humorous and sexually explicit psychoanalytical monologue of "a lust-ridden, mother-addicted young Jewish bachelor," filled with "intimate, shameful detail, and coarse, abusive language."〔〔Saxton (1974)〕 Roth is one of the most awarded U.S. writers of his generation: his books have twice received the National Book Award, twice the National Book Critics Circle award, and three times the PEN/Faulkner Award. He received a Pulitzer Prize for his 1997 novel, ''American Pastoral'', which featured one of his best-known characters, Nathan Zuckerman, the subject of many other of Roth's novels. ''The Human Stain'' (2000), another Zuckerman novel, was awarded the United Kingdom's WH Smith Literary Award for the best book of the year. In 2001, Roth received the inaugural Franz Kafka Prize. ==Personal life== Philip Roth was born in Newark, New Jersey, and grew up in its Weequahic neighborhood. He is the second child of Bess (née Finkel) and Herman Roth, an insurance broker.〔(Up Society's Ass, Copper: Rereading Philip Roth – Mark Shechner – Google Books )〕 His family was Jewish, and his parents were first-generation Americans, whose families were from Galicia. He graduated from Newark's Weequahic High School in or around 1950.〔Lubasch, Arnold H. ("Philip Roth Shakes Weequahic High" ), ''The New York Times,'' February 28, 1969. Accessed September 8, 2007〕 "It has provided the focus for the fiction of Philip Roth, the novelist who evokes his era at Weequahic High School in the highly acclaimed ''Portnoy's Complaint''.... Besides identifying Weequahic High School by name, the novel specifies such sites as the Empire Burlesque, the Weequahic Diner, the Newark Museum and Irvington Park, all local landmarks that helped shape the youth of the real Roth and the fictional Portnoy, both graduates of Weequahic class of '50." The ''Weequahic Yearbook'' (1950) describes Roth as "A boy of real intelligence, combined with wit and common sense." Roth was known as a comedian during his time at school.〔''Weequahic Yearbook'' (1950)〕 Roth attended Bucknell University, earning a degree in English. He pursued graduate studies at the University of Chicago, where he received an M.A. in English literature in 1955 and worked briefly as an instructor in the university's writing program. Roth taught creative writing at the University of Iowa and Princeton University. He continued his academic career at the University of Pennsylvania, where he taught comparative literature before retiring from teaching in 1991. While at Chicago, Roth met the novelist Saul Bellow, as well as Margaret Martinson in 1956, who became his first wife in 1959. Their separation in 1963, along with Martinson's death in a car crash in 1968, left a lasting mark on Roth's literary output. Specifically, Martinson was the inspiration for female characters in several of Roth's novels, including Lucy Nelson in ''When She Was Good,'' and Maureen Tarnopol in ''My Life as a Man.''〔Roth, Philip. ''The Facts: A Novelist's Autobiography''. New York, 1988. Roth discusses Martinson's portrait in this memoir. He calls her "Josie" in ''When She Was Good'' on pp. 149 and 175. He discusses her as an inspiration for ''My Life as a Man'' throughout the book's second half, most completely in the chapter "Girl of My Dreams," which includes this on p. 110: "Why should I have tried to make up anything better? How could I?" Her influence upon ''Portnoy's Complaint'' is seen in ''The Facts'' as more diffuse, a kind of loosening-up for the author: "It took time and it took blood, and not, really, until I began ''Portnoy's Complaint'' would I be able to cut loose with anything approaching her gift for flabbergasting boldness." (p. 149)〕 Between the end of his studies and the publication of his first book in 1959, Roth served two years in the United States Army and then wrote short fiction and criticism for various magazines, including movie reviews for ''The New Republic.'' Events in Roth's personal life have occasionally been the subject of media scrutiny. A post-operative breakdown mentioned in the pseudo-confessional novel ''Operation Shylock'' (1993) and others〔(p. 5 ), Philip Roth, ''The Facts: A Novelist's Autobiography'', Random House, 2011: "I'm talking about a breakdown. Although there's no need to delve into particulars... what was to have been minor surgery... led to an extreme depression that carried me right to the edge of emotional and mental dissolution. It was in the period of post-crack-up medication, with the clarity attending the remission of an illness..."〕〔(p. 79 ), Timothy Parrish (ed.), ''The Cambridge Companion to Philip Roth'', Cambridge University Press, 2007: "In point of fact, Roth's surgeries (one the knee surgery, which is followed by a nervous breakdown, the other heart surgery) span the period..."〕〔pp. 108–09, Harold Bloom, ''Philip Roth'', Infobase Publishing, 2003〕 drew on Roth's experience of the temporary side-effects of the sedative halcion (triazolam), prescribed post-operatively in the 1980s. (It was subsequently discovered that unfavorable studies had been suppressed by triazolam's manufacturer, Upjohn, which showed the drug carried a high risk of causing short term psychiatric disturbance. When this became known, the drug was banned in some countries and its withdrawal due to high risk and poor clinical benefit was also discussed in the United States.) On his religious views, Roth is an atheist, stating: "When the whole world doesn't believe in God, it'll be a great place." He also said during an interview to The Guardian: "I'm exactly the opposite of religious, I'm anti-religious. I find religious people hideous. I hate the religious lies. It's all a big lie." and "It's not a neurotic thing, but the miserable record of religion. I don't even want to talk about it, it's not interesting to talk about the sheep referred to as believers. When I write, I'm alone. It's filled with fear and loneliness and anxiety - and I never needed religion to save me."〔(Interview for Martin Krasnik of the Guardian, 14th December 2005 )〕 In 1990, Roth married his long-time companion, English actress Claire Bloom. In 1994 they separated, and in 1996 Bloom published a memoir, ''Leaving a Doll's House,'' which described the couple's marriage in detail, much of which was unflattering to Roth. Certain aspects of ''I Married a Communist'' have been regarded by critics as veiled rebuttals to accusations put forth in Bloom's memoir. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Philip Roth」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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